Gradbeništvo se sooča z izzivi, povezanimi z izčrpavanjem virov, ravnanjem z odpadki in emisijami ogljika, zlasti pri proizvodnji in distribucijigradbenih materialov. Tradicionalni procesi oskrbne verige so pogosto linearni in neučinkoviti, kar povzroča višje stroške in večji vpliv na okolje. Tavprašanja bi lahko rešili z raziskovanjem alternativnih, trajnostnih materialov in oblikovanjem modelov za optimizirano, krožno vrednostno verigo, kipoudarja ponovno uporabo materialov in učinkovito delovanje pri gradnji stavb. V zadnjih letih so se kot alternativa tradicionalnim metodam nagradbišču uveljavile metode gradnje zunaj gradbišča, kot je modularna gradnja; moduli se zgradijo v proizvodnem obratu, nato pa se prepeljejo nakončno gradbišče, kjer se sestavijo. Ta pristop ne prihrani le časa in denarja, temveč prinaša tudi številne prednosti glede uporabe materialov, porabeenergije in vpliva na okolje.

Na problemskem področju modularne gradnje so bila opredeljena tri ključna področja: 1) načrtovanje logističnih omrežij za gradnjo in rušenje, 2)večobjektivna optimizacija gradbenih materialov, elementov in razporeditve, 3) trajnostni življenjski cikel in predelava virov. Prvo področje seosredotoča na reševanje problemov usmerjanja, pretoka materiala in načrtovanja omrežij v vrednostni verigi gradnje in rušenja. Drugo področjeobravnava optimizacijo gradbenih materialov in razporeditve za doseganje stavb z želenimi standardi kakovosti in učinkovitosti. Tretje področjeobravnava (dolgoročno) življenjsko dobo stavb in predelavo materialov ob koncu življenjske dobe stavbe. To vključuje koncept proizvoda kot storitve,pri katerem proizvajalci ne prodajajo proizvodov, temveč zagotavljajo storitve, pri čemer ohranijo stalno odgovornost za proces ob koncu življenjskedobe. Čeprav je ta področja mogoče preučevati neodvisno, lahko njihove zapletene soodvisnosti oblikujejo dinamičen in celovit okvir za vrednostnoverigo gradbeništva, ki usklajuje gospodarske cilje s trajnostjo in odpornostjo.

Cilj tega projekta je obravnavati probleme optimizacije v vrednostni verigi modularne gradnje in razviti metode optimizacije, ki lahko zmanjšajo Kot temelj projekta bodo izvedene empirične raziskave z uporabo primarnih in sekundarnih virov. Na podlagi zbranih podatkov bodo opredeljenimateriali, elementi, življenjska doba stavb, predelava materialov in operacije pri gradnji modularnih stavb.

Matematični modeli bodo oblikovani za optimizacijske probleme, ki bodo opredeljeni s skrbno analizo zbranih podatkov.

Zagotovljeni bodo tudi učinkoviti algoritmi za reševanje problemskih primerov, kjer natančne rešitve ni mogoče dobiti v sprejemljivem času. Izvajatinameravamo nove hibridne tehnike, ki združujejo natančne in hevristične pristope, kot je iskanje po veliki soseski (LNS), da bi našli dovolj natančnerešitve v razumnem času. Poleg tega bomo raziskali različne večpredmetne metode, ki temeljijo na večpredmetnem lokalnem iskanju in evolucijskihpristopih za ustvarjanje paleto optimalnih rešitev.

Za analizo uporabnosti naših metod na področju modularne gradnje moramo zagotoviti obsežen nabor različnih primerov. Ker pričakujemo, da borazpoložljivost vhodnih podatkov iz resničnega sveta omejena, bomo morali razviti nabor umetnih vhodnih podatkov. Načrtujemo, da bomo opredeliliključne značilnosti, ki učinkovito označujejo te primere iz realnega sveta, in jih uporabili za ustvarjanje dodatnih primerov s pomočjo analize prostoraprimerov. Nazadnje bomo z uporabo ustvarjenega nabora podatkov in uporabo metod reševanja simulirali različne scenarije poslovnih modelov, sposebnim poudarkom na pristopu „izdelek kot storitev“.

The construction sector faces challenges related to resource depletion, waste management, and carbon emissions, particularly in the productionand distribution of building materials. Traditional supply chain processes are often linear and inefficient, resulting in higher costs and increasedenvironmental impact. These issues could be addressed by exploring alternative, sustainable materials and creating models for an optimised,circular value chain that emphasises material reuse and efficient operations in building construction. In recent years, off-site construction methods,such as modular construction, have been adopted as an alternative to traditional on-site methods; modules are built at a manufacturing facility, andthen transported to the final site for assembly. This approach not only saves time and money, but also offers several benefits in terms of materialuse, energy consumption and environmental impact.

Three key areas were identified in the problem domain of modular construction: 1) logistics networks design for construction and demolition, 2)multi-objective optimisation of construction materials, elements, and layout, 3) sustainable life cycle and resource recovery. The first area focuseson solving routing, material flow, and network design problems within the construction and demolition value chain. The second area addresses theoptimisation of building materials and layout to achieve buildings with desired quality and performance standards. The third area deals with the(long-term) service life of buildings and material recovery at the end of a building's life. This involves the product-as-a-service concept, wheremanufacturers move from selling products to providing services, retaining ongoing responsibility for the end-of-life process. While these areas canbe studied independently, their complex interdependencies can form a dynamic and holistic framework for the construction value chain thatbalances economic goals with sustainability and resilience.

The goal of this project is to tackle optimization problems in the modular construction value chain and develop optimization methods that canreduce the logistics costs and environmental impact of the system. These methods will be designed in a holistic way, with a strong focus on thecircularity of the entire system.

Empirical research will be conducted as the foundation of the project with the use of primary and secondary sources. Based on the collected data,materials, elements, service life of buildings, material recovery, and operations in the construction of modular buildings will be identified.

Mathematical models will be formulated for the optimization problems that are identified through careful analysis of the collected data.

Efficient algorithms will also be provided for solving problem instances where an exact solution is not obtainable in acceptable time. We intend toimplement novel hybrid techniques that integrate exact and heuristic approaches, such as the large neighborhood search (LNS) to find sufficientlyaccurate solutions in reasonable time. Additionally, we will investigate various multi-objective methods based on multi-objective local search andevolutionary approaches to generate pareto optimal solutions.

To analyse the applicability of our methods in the field of modular construction, we need to provide an extensive set of diverse instances. Since weexpect that the availability of real-world input will be limited, we will need to develop a dataset of artificial inputs. We plan to define key features thateffectively characterise these real-world instances and use them to generate additional examples through instance space analysis. Finally, using thegenerated dataset and applying the solution methods, different scenarios for business models will be simulated, with a special focus on the product-as-a-service approach.